![]() The three-dimensional placement of atoms and chemical bonds within organic molecules is central to understanding their chemistry. These geometries have a significant impact on the shape a particular molecule can assume. Double and triple bonds change the geometry of the molecule: single bonds allow rotation along the axis of the bond, whereas double bonds lead to a planar configuration and triple bonds to a linear one. ![]() Thus, propane, propene, and propyne follow the same pattern with three carbon molecules, butane, butane, and butyne for four carbon molecules, and so on. The suffixes “-ane,” “-ene,” and “-yne” refer to the presence of single, double, or triple carbon-carbon bonds, respectively. The names of all three molecules start with the prefix “eth-,” which is the prefix for two carbon hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons ethane, ethene, and ethyne serve as examples of how different carbon-to-carbon bonds affect the geometry of the molecule. Furthermore, the overall geometry of the molecule is altered by the different geometries of single, double, and triple covalent bonds, illustrated in. Hydrocarbon chains are formed by successive bonds between carbon atoms and may be branched or unbranched. This results in a filled outermost shell. Each of its four hydrogen atoms forms a single covalent bond with the carbon atom by sharing a pair of electrons. The methane molecule provides an example: it has the chemical formula CH 4. Therefore, carbon atoms can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms to satisfy the octet rule. With an atomic number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell. Individual carbon atoms have an incomplete outermost electron shell. ![]() The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or “backbone,” of the macromolecules. The fundamental component for all of these macromolecules is carbon. The macromolecules are a subset of organic molecules (any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas) that are especially important for life. Describe the role of functional groups in biological moleculesĬells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids.Explain why carbon is important for life.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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